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Howland & Aspinwall
Howland & Aspinwall was a merchant firm based in New York City in the 1830s and 1840s. It specialized in the Pacific Ocean trade, especially the importing of goods from China. It is best known for taking a pioneering role in the financing of clipper ships, especially the American-built ''Rainbow'' and ''Sea Witch''.
Howland & Aspinwall imported high-status goods such as porcelain, silk, and tea from China, and sold them to Americans of means. Import duties paid by firms such as Howland & Aspinwall played a significant role in the financing of the American federal budget during the 1840s.
In 1848, as a result of the United States's acquisition of California, partners G.S. Howland, S.S. Howland, and William Henry Aspinwall turned their attention from the China trade to California traffic. Improvements in the marine steam engine had begun to make clipper ships and other fast sailing ships obsolete. With other New York businessmen, the Howland and Aspinwall interests formed the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Pacific Mail eventually became American President Lines, which is now part of Neptune Orient Lines.〔Somerville, Col. Duncan S., ''The Aspinwall Empire,'' p. 22, Mystic Seaport Museum, Inc., Mystic, CT, 1983.〕〔Niven, John, ''The American President Lines and its Forebears 1948-1984,'' p. 15, University of Delaware Press, Newark, NJ, 1987.〕〔Elias, Rahita, ''Beyond Boundaries: The First 35 Years of the NOL Story,'' p. 8, Neptune Orient Lines Ltd., 2004.〕
Part of the Aspinwall family fortune was eventually bequeathed, through grandmother Mary Aspinwall Roosevelt, to Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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